Private Wealth Migration: Past, Present, and Future

The migration of affluent individuals and private wealth, whether via residence and citizenship by investment programs or otherwise, has recovered rapidly post-pandemic. Whether high-net-worth individuals (with investable wealth of USD 1 million or more), centi-millionaires (with investable wealth of USD 100 million or more), or billionaires, all are looking to protect their asset bases and enhance growth potential.

While many are already on the move, many more are reassessing where best to position themselves, their families, and their assets as a hedge against ongoing regional and global volatility. With a growing number of millionaires considering relocation to protect themselves and their families from political instability and economic turbulence, governments around the world — in a race to attract capital and talent to their shores — are increasing the range of available migration paths, including the introduction of residence and citizenship by investment programs.

Multiple incentives to move

A myriad of factors motivates the wealthy to migrate but traditionally the main drivers have included the desire for a higher standard of living, increased opportunities for business diversification, better education options for their children, a more desirable climate or less polluted environment — and latterly, higher climate resilience and a more crypto-friendly stance. In recent years, the global pandemic, socio-economic upheavals and political instability across the globe, and wars and conflict in volatile parts of the world including in Europe, have highlighted to many — and the wealthy population is no exception — the need to improve safety and security for their families, escape oppressive or corrupt regimes, access premium education and world-class healthcare, and enjoy more favorable tax environments.

Millionaire migration set to continue to boom in 2025

The migration data for high-net-worth individuals in Figure 4 reflects the number of millionaires who have moved to a new country year on year since 2013 — namely, those who have relocated and remained in a new country for longer than six months. As illustrated, in the lead-up to 2020, wealth migration had been steadily accelerating. However, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in late 2019 and the associated lockdown and travel restrictions that characterized 2020 and 2021 significantly impeded global mobility for all. A rapid recovery followed in 2022 and 2023, and 2024 saw an unprecedented 134,000 millionaires relocating, eclipsing the previous record of 120,000 set in 2023. Looking ahead, 2025 is projected to be a record-breaking year, with the biggest millionaire migration in history, at 142,000.

Recent years have reinforced the critical importance of geographic diversification and access to alternative residences or citizenships. For those with dual citizenship or permanent residence rights, the ability to relocate offered not only peace of mind but also tangible lifestyle and business advantages. As global uncertainties persist, the appeal of investment migration programs has grown exponentially, empowering high-net-worth individuals to safeguard their families, enhance their mobility, and position themselves advantageously in a volatile world. This trend underscores the evolution of investment migration into an indispensable solution for addressing the complex challenges of our times.

The investment migration sector, now worth an estimated EUR 20 billion, has become essential for high-net-worth individuals seeking stability, security, and mobility, enabling wealth preservation and strategic flexibility.

Figure 1. Millionaire migration since 2013

Note: Figures rounded to the nearest 1,000. The Covid-19 pandemic prevented millionaire migration tracking in 2020 and 2021.

Sources: Henley Private Wealth Migration Dashboard (2024) and New World Wealth December 2024 data

The importance of attracting millionaires

An increasing outflow of millionaires is often a sign of a drop in confidence in a country, since high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals have the means to leave and are thus usually the first to exit when circumstances change. Along with their families, millionaires also bring to their host countries their wealth and the taxes they pay. The loss of millionaires may be detrimental to the local economies and property markets of the countries they depart from. In some cases, these individuals relocate their businesses — and the jobs the businesses generate — as well as their skills, qualifications, and influence. Therefore, while millionaires reflect only a small percentage of a country’s population, attracting, producing, and retaining them is an important endeavor for any country.

There is no doubt that the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated competition among countries to draw wealth and in-demand skills. In this environment, some have been extremely innovative. The UAE, for example, has been immensely successful in enhancing its livability and drawing the talented and the wealthy to its shores. This is in part due to its business-friendly policies and attractive golden visa. With the world order upended — along with its production, distribution, energy, and finance systems — first by Covid-19 and then wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, and geopolitics shaping trade and investment flows, such strategies might well prove vital for nation states to succeed. The countries that adapt and innovate will be the ones that thrive in this new world.

A gateway to wealth hubs

Many of the world’s leading financial centers are in countries that host investment migration programs and actively encourage foreign direct investment in return for residence rights, such as the USA, the UK, Hong Kong (SAR China), Singapore, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and the UAE. The programs provide high-net-worth individuals with the option of physically relocating, as well as the right to live, study, receive quality healthcare, and conduct business in their new country. These countries offer excellent options for real estate, business opportunities, premium educational institutions, top private healthcare facilities, and a high quality of life.

Real estate-linked programs with multiple yields

Residence and citizenship by investment programs in sought-after countries such as Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Mauritius, Panama, and the UAE as well as in the Caribbean region offer attractive real estate options. International real estate has always been a reliable asset class, demonstrating decades-long returns and enabling affluent individuals to protect and increase their wealth by diversifying their portfolios. Real estate-linked investment migration provides a unique opportunity to acquire two desirable assets — access to multiple jurisdictions and international property — in just one transaction.

Investing in real estate to gain residence rights or citizenship of another country affords investors all the classic benefits of owning real estate, and more. Real estate is widely recognized as one of the most stable long-term investments, so investors are more than likely to break even and could turn a profit after just five years. Furthermore, owners can live in their properties, use them as vacation homes, or rent them out to create an additional income stream. A rental income in a strong currency such as the euro could look particularly attractive to an investor from a country with a weaker currency.

An established wealth planning product

Just 20 years ago, investment migration may have been considered a niche option reserved for the very wealthy, even deemed unpatriotic at times, but that is no longer the case. Many countries around the world now permit dual citizenship, and the concept has gained significant traction over the past decade. Moreover, many governments are now refining and/or developing new investment migration options as a means of generating debt-free liquidity. In the past decade, investment migration has become a mainstream wealth planning product as increasing numbers of investors utilize residence and citizenship by investment programs to access previously restricted opportunities across the globe and protect their wealth and legacies.

Dr. Juerg Steffen, FIMC, is the Chief Executive Officer of Henley & Partners. He has more than 30 years’ experience in the financial services industry and is widely regarded as a leader in the field of investment migration. After joining Henley & Partners in 2013 to set up its Singapore office, Dr. Steffen went on to establish the firm as a key player in what is now a significant region for inbound and outbound investment migration.

Later appointed Chief Operating Officer of the group, he has played a pivotal role in growing the investment migration sector and Henley & Partners, improving the firm’s operational standing, and developing crucial structures and processes that enable it to keep the leading position it has always held. 

Before joining Henley & Partners, Dr. Steffen was a personal advisor in the family office of one of Europe’s wealthiest families. He also served as a member of the management board and as head of the Wealth Planning department of a leading private bank in Austria and was a director in the Cross-Border Wealth Planning department of UBS in Zurich, advising high-net-worth individuals and key clients in complex matters regarding financial, tax, succession, and residence and citizenship planning. Dr. Steffen also developed and established a private bank operation for one of Switzerland’s foremost banks and is the editor of definitive books on high-net-worth relocation to Austria and Switzerland.