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Henley Global Mobility Report

The Henley Global Mobility Report is a unique publication featuring commentary by leading scholars and experts on major trends influencing mobility patterns. Grounded in geopolitical analysis and focusing on the realities shaping our world — from border openness and how it enhances economic opportunities, to sustainable travel and the rise of medical tourism — the report offers exclusive insights into what we can expect in the months to come.

Henley Global Mobility Report

Visa-Free Travel and Openness: A Complex Dynamic

Our exclusive new research explores the relationship between a country’s openness to foreigners — how many nations it allows to cross its borders visa-free — and its own citizens’ travel freedom, gauged using the Henley Passport Index. The new Henley Openness Index ranks all 199 countries and territories worldwide according to the number of nationalities they permit entry to without a prior visa. By comparing the two indexes, the data reveals that the relationship between travel freedom (Henley Passport Index score) and openness (Henley Openness Index score) is not straightforward but manifests in a complex, non-linear manner. Read more

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PassportOpennessHenley Passport Index 
Search for a passport
Region
Openness
Rank
Openness Score
(out of 198)
HPI Rank
HPI Score
(out of 226)
Openness %
HPI %
Burundi
BurundiAFRICA
Africa1st19885th49
100%
22.03%
Cape Verde Islands
Cape Verde IslandsAFRICA
Africa1st19870th67
100%
29.96%
Comoro Islands
Comoro IslandsAFRICA
Africa1st19882nd52
100%
23.35%
Djibouti
DjiboutiAFRICA
Africa1st19887th47
100%
21.15%
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-BissauAFRICA
Africa1st19881st55
100%
24.67%
Kenya
KenyaAFRICA
Africa1st19865th72
100%
32.16%
Maldives
MaldivesASIA
Asia1st19852nd93
100%
41.41%
Micronesia
MicronesiaOCEANIA
Oceania1st19841st123
100%
54.63%
Mozambique
MozambiqueAFRICA
Africa1st19874th63
100%
28.19%
Rwanda
RwandaAFRICA
Africa1st19873rd64
100%
28.63%
Samoa
SamoaOCEANIA
Oceania1st19838th129
100%
57.27%
Timor-Leste
Timor-LesteASIA
Asia1st19850th96
100%
42.73%
Tuvalu
TuvaluOCEANIA
Oceania1st19840th127
100%
56.39%
Cambodia
CambodiaASIA
Asia2nd19782nd52
99.49%
23.35%
Dominica
DominicaCARIBBEAN
Caribbean2nd19731st144
99.49%
63.88%
Madagascar
MadagascarAFRICA
Africa2nd19777th59
99.49%
26.43%
Mauritania
MauritaniaAFRICA
Africa2nd19778th58
99.49%
25.99%
Seychelles
SeychellesAFRICA
Africa2nd19723rd155
99.49%
68.72%
Somalia
SomaliaAFRICA
Africa2nd19795th33
99.49%
14.98%
Palau Islands
Palau IslandsOCEANIA
Oceania3rd19641st123
98.99%
54.63%
Macao (SAR China)
Macao (SAR China)ASIA
Asia4th19131st144
96.46%
63.88%
Sri Lanka
Sri LankaASIA
Asia5th19091st42
95.96%
18.94%
Haiti
HaitiCARIBBEAN
Caribbean6th18982nd52
95.45%
23.35%
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesCARIBBEAN
Caribbean7th18822nd156
94.95%
69.16%
Nepal
NepalASIA
Asia8th18694th38
93.94%
17.18%
Iran
IranMIDDLE EAST
Middle East9th18491st42
92.93%
18.94%
Mauritius
MauritiusAFRICA
Africa10th18326th150
92.42%
66.52%
Barbados
BarbadosCARIBBEAN
Caribbean11th17719th163
89.39%
72.25%
Bolivia
BoliviaAMERICAS
Americas11th17761st78
89.39%
34.8%
Suriname
SurinameAMERICAS
Americas11th17761st78
89.39%
34.8%
Laos
LaosASIA
Asia12th16986th48
85.35%
21.59%
Tanzania
TanzaniaAFRICA
Africa12th16966th71
85.35%
31.72%
Malaysia
MalaysiaASIA
Asia13th16511th181
83.33%
80.18%
Singapore
SingaporeASIA
Asia14th1641st193
82.83%
85.46%
Nicaragua
NicaraguaAMERICAS
Americas15th16240th127
81.82%
56.39%
Bangladesh
BangladeshASIA
Asia16th16093rd39
80.81%
17.62%
Philippines
PhilippinesASIA
Asia16th16072nd65
80.81%
29.07%
Ecuador
EcuadorAMERICAS
Americas17th15551st94
78.28%
41.85%
The Gambia
The GambiaAFRICA
Africa18th15366th71
77.27%
31.72%
Malawi
MalawiAFRICA
Africa19th14763rd74
74.24%
33.04%
Hong Kong (SAR China)
Hong Kong (SAR China)ASIA
Asia20th14617th169
73.74%
74.89%
Zimbabwe
ZimbabweAFRICA
Africa21st14573rd64
73.23%
28.63%
St. Lucia
St. LuciaCARIBBEAN
Caribbean22nd14329th146
72.22%
64.76%
Jordan
JordanMIDDLE EAST
Middle East23rd14283rd51
71.72%
22.91%
Zambia
ZambiaAFRICA
Africa23rd14269th68
71.72%
30.4%
Senegal
SenegalAFRICA
Africa24th13578th58
68.18%
25.99%
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Kitts and NevisCARIBBEAN
Caribbean25th13323rd155
67.17%
68.72%
Grenada
GrenadaCARIBBEAN
Caribbean26th12428th147
62.63%
65.2%
Bahamas
BahamasCARIBBEAN
Caribbean27th12320th159
62.12%
70.48%
Jamaica
JamaicaCARIBBEAN
Caribbean28th12255th88
61.62%
39.21%
Vanuatu
VanuatuOCEANIA
Oceania29th12053rd91
60.61%
40.53%
Ethiopia
EthiopiaAFRICA
Africa30th11988th45
60.1%
20.26%
Kiribati
KiribatiOCEANIA
Oceania30th11941st123
60.1%
54.63%
Panama
PanamaAMERICAS
Americas31st11628th147
58.59%
65.2%
Egypt
EgyptAFRICA
Africa32nd11584th50
58.08%
22.47%
Sierra Leone
Sierra LeoneAFRICA
Africa33rd11372nd65
57.07%
29.07%
Fiji
FijiOCEANIA
Oceania34th11254th89
56.57%
39.65%
Thailand
ThailandASIA
Asia34th11260th80
56.57%
35.68%
Türkiye
TürkiyeEUROPE
Europe35th11145th114
56.06%
50.66%
Marshall Islands
Marshall IslandsOCEANIA
Oceania36th11039th128
55.56%
56.83%
South Korea
South KoreaASIA
Asia36th1102nd190
55.56%
84.14%
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and BarbudaCARIBBEAN
Caribbean37th10925th152
55.05%
67.4%
Kosovo
KosovoEUROPE
Europe37th10960th80
55.05%
35.68%
Namibia
NamibiaAFRICA
Africa37th10960th80
55.05%
35.68%
Dominican Republic
Dominican RepublicCARIBBEAN
Caribbean38th10763rd74
54.04%
33.04%
Belize
BelizeAMERICAS
Americas39th10648th102
53.54%
45.37%
Moldova
MoldovaEUROPE
Europe40th10443rd121
52.53%
53.74%
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and TobagoCARIBBEAN
Caribbean40th10426th150
52.53%
66.52%
Botswana
BotswanaAFRICA
Africa41st10357th86
52.02%
38.33%
Brazil
BrazilAMERICAS
Americas41st10317th169
52.02%
74.89%
Colombia
ColombiaAMERICAS
Americas42nd10237th132
51.52%
58.59%
Lebanon
LebanonMIDDLE EAST
Middle East42nd10289th44
51.52%
19.82%
Peru
PeruAMERICAS
Americas42nd10232nd142
51.52%
63%
Palestinian Territory
Palestinian TerritoryMIDDLE EAST
Middle East42nd10293rd39
51.52%
17.62%
Israel
IsraelMIDDLE EAST
Middle East43rd10117th169
51.01%
74.89%
Angola
AngolaAFRICA
Africa44th10085th49
50.51%
22.03%
Montenegro
MontenegroEUROPE
Europe44th10039th128
50.51%
56.83%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEUROPE
Europe45th9941st123
50%
54.63%
Georgia
GeorgiaEUROPE
Europe46th9842nd122
49.49%
54.19%
Tajikistan
TajikistanASIA
Asia46th9880th56
49.49%
25.11%
Indonesia
IndonesiaASIA
Asia47th9764th73
48.99%
32.6%
Tunisia
TunisiaAFRICA
Africa47th9770th67
48.99%
29.96%
Qatar
QatarMIDDLE EAST
Middle East48th9646th111
48.48%
49.34%
Costa Rica
Costa RicaAMERICAS
Americas49th9527th149
47.98%
66.08%
eSwatini
eSwatiniAFRICA
Africa50th9462nd76
47.47%
33.92%
Austria
AustriaEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Belgium
BelgiumEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Bulgaria
BulgariaEUROPE
Europe51st9313th177
46.97%
78.41%
Croatia
CroatiaEUROPE
Europe51st939th183
46.97%
81.06%
Cyprus
CyprusEUROPE
Europe51st9312th178
46.97%
78.85%
Czechia
CzechiaEUROPE
Europe51st937th185
46.97%
81.94%
Denmark
DenmarkEUROPE
Europe51st933rd189
46.97%
83.7%
Estonia
EstoniaEUROPE
Europe51st938th184
46.97%
81.5%
Finland
FinlandEUROPE
Europe51st933rd189
46.97%
83.7%
France
FranceEUROPE
Europe51st933rd189
46.97%
83.7%
Germany
GermanyEUROPE
Europe51st933rd189
46.97%
83.7%
Greece
GreeceEUROPE
Europe51st935th187
46.97%
82.82%
Hungary
HungaryEUROPE
Europe51st937th185
46.97%
81.94%
Iceland
IcelandEUROPE
Europe51st9310th182
46.97%
80.62%
Italy
ItalyEUROPE
Europe51st933rd189
46.97%
83.7%
Latvia
LatviaEUROPE
Europe51st939th183
46.97%
81.06%
Lithuania
LithuaniaEUROPE
Europe51st9310th182
46.97%
80.62%
Luxembourg
LuxembourgEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Malta
MaltaEUROPE
Europe51st937th185
46.97%
81.94%
Netherlands
NetherlandsEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Norway
NorwayEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Poland
PolandEUROPE
Europe51st937th185
46.97%
81.94%
Portugal
PortugalEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Romania
RomaniaEUROPE
Europe51st9312th178
46.97%
78.85%
Slovakia
SlovakiaEUROPE
Europe51st939th183
46.97%
81.06%
Slovenia
SloveniaEUROPE
Europe51st939th183
46.97%
81.06%
Spain
SpainEUROPE
Europe51st933rd189
46.97%
83.7%
Sweden
SwedenEUROPE
Europe51st934th188
46.97%
83.26%
Switzerland
SwitzerlandEUROPE
Europe51st935th187
46.97%
82.82%
Liechtenstein
LiechtensteinEUROPE
Europe51st9311th181
46.97%
80.18%
Monaco
MonacoEUROPE
Europe51st9313th177
46.97%
78.41%
San Marino
San MarinoEUROPE
Europe51st9316th170
46.97%
75.33%
Vatican City
Vatican CityEUROPE
Europe51st9324th154
46.97%
68.28%
Andorra
AndorraEUROPE
Europe51st9315th171
46.97%
75.77%
Chile
ChileAMERICAS
Americas52nd9214th175
46.46%
77.53%
Uzbekistan
UzbekistanASIA
Asia52nd9275th61
46.46%
27.31%
Belarus
BelarusEUROPE
Europe53rd9160th80
45.96%
35.68%
Argentina
ArgentinaAMERICAS
Americas54th9017th169
45.45%
74.89%
Serbia
SerbiaEUROPE
Europe54th9034th138
45.45%
61.23%
United Kingdom
United KingdomEUROPE
Europe55th896th186
44.95%
82.38%
Albania
AlbaniaEUROPE
Europe56th8842nd122
44.44%
54.19%
Armenia
ArmeniaMIDDLE EAST
Middle East56th8870th67
44.44%
29.96%
United Arab Emirates
United Arab EmiratesMIDDLE EAST
Middle East56th888th184
44.44%
81.5%
El Salvador
El SalvadorAMERICAS
Americas57th8735th135
43.94%
59.91%
Guatemala
GuatemalaAMERICAS
Americas57th8736th134
43.94%
59.47%
South Africa
South AfricaAFRICA
Africa58th8647th104
43.43%
46.26%
Honduras
HondurasAMERICAS
Americas59th8537th132
42.93%
58.59%
Uruguay
UruguayAMERICAS
Americas59th8522nd156
42.93%
69.16%
Kyrgyzstan
KyrgyzstanASIA
Asia60th8474th63
42.42%
28.19%
Ireland
IrelandEUROPE
Europe61st823rd189
41.41%
83.7%
Ukraine
UkraineEUROPE
Europe62nd8128th147
40.91%
65.2%
Kazakhstan
KazakhstanASIA
Asia63rd8062nd76
40.4%
33.92%
North Macedonia
North MacedoniaEUROPE
Europe64th7938th129
39.9%
57.27%
Solomon Islands
Solomon IslandsOCEANIA
Oceania65th7836th134
39.39%
59.47%
Morocco
MoroccoAFRICA
Africa66th7765th72
38.89%
32.16%
Oman
OmanMIDDLE EAST
Middle East67th7658th85
38.38%
37.89%
Saudi Arabia
Saudi ArabiaMIDDLE EAST
Middle East68th7357th86
36.87%
38.33%
Bahrain
BahrainMIDDLE EAST
Middle East69th7256th87
36.36%
38.77%
Taiwan (Chinese Taipei)
Taiwan (Chinese Taipei)ASIA
Asia69th7233rd139
36.36%
61.67%
Japan
JapanASIA
Asia70th712nd190
35.86%
84.14%
Paraguay
ParaguayAMERICAS
Americas71st7030th145
35.35%
64.32%
Burkina Faso
Burkina FasoAFRICA
Africa72nd6976th60
34.85%
26.87%
Tonga
TongaOCEANIA
Oceania72nd6938th129
34.85%
57.27%
Lesotho
LesothoAFRICA
Africa73rd6861st78
34.34%
34.8%
Mexico
MexicoAMERICAS
Americas74th6721st158
33.84%
70.04%
Mongolia
MongoliaASIA
Asia74th6772nd65
33.84%
29.07%
Venezuela
VenezuelaAMERICAS
Americas74th6744th119
33.84%
52.86%
Pakistan
PakistanASIA
Asia75th6496th32
32.32%
14.54%
Brunei
BruneiASIA
Asia76th6318th164
31.82%
72.69%
Russian Federation
Russian FederationEUROPE
Europe77th6245th114
31.31%
50.66%
Benin
BeninAFRICA
Africa78th6170th67
30.81%
29.96%
Guyana
GuyanaAMERICAS
Americas78th6153rd91
30.81%
40.53%
New Zealand
New ZealandOCEANIA
Oceania78th615th187
30.81%
82.82%
Ghana
GhanaAFRICA
Africa79th5971st66
29.8%
29.52%
China
ChinaASIA
Asia80th5859th83
29.29%
37%
Kuwait
KuwaitMIDDLE EAST
Middle East80th5849th98
29.29%
43.61%
Sao Tome and Principe
Sao Tome and PrincipeAFRICA
Africa80th5875th61
29.29%
27.31%
Myanmar
MyanmarASIA
Asia81st5488th45
27.27%
20.26%
Canada
CanadaAMERICAS
Americas82nd537th185
26.77%
81.94%
Nigeria
NigeriaAFRICA
Africa83rd4988th45
24.75%
20.26%
United States
United StatesAMERICAS
Americas84th469th183
23.23%
81.06%
Iraq
IraqMIDDLE EAST
Middle East85th4497th30
22.22%
13.66%
Uganda
UgandaAFRICA
Africa86th3968th69
19.7%
30.84%
Australia
AustraliaOCEANIA
Oceania87th346th186
17.17%
82.38%
Vietnam
VietnamASIA
Asia88th2783rd51
13.64%
22.91%
Azerbaijan
AzerbaijanEUROPE
Europe89th2667th70
13.13%
31.28%
Mali
MaliAFRICA
Africa89th2681st55
13.13%
24.67%
Syria
SyriaMIDDLE EAST
Middle East90th2598th27
12.63%
12.33%
Cote d'Ivoire
Cote d'IvoireAFRICA
Africa91st2377th59
11.62%
26.43%
Guinea
GuineaAFRICA
Africa91st2378th58
11.62%
25.99%
Cuba
CubaCARIBBEAN
Caribbean92nd2276th60
11.11%
26.87%
Niger
NigerAFRICA
Africa93rd1979th57
9.6%
25.55%
Central African Republic
Central African RepublicAFRICA
Africa94th1682nd52
8.08%
23.35%
Togo
TogoAFRICA
Africa94th1676th60
8.08%
26.87%
Chad
ChadAFRICA
Africa95th1582nd52
7.58%
23.35%
Congo (Rep.)
Congo (Rep.)AFRICA
Africa95th1585th49
7.58%
22.03%
Liberia
LiberiaAFRICA
Africa95th1583rd51
7.58%
22.91%
Nauru
NauruOCEANIA
Oceania95th1555th88
7.58%
39.21%
Papua New Guinea
Papua New GuineaOCEANIA
Oceania95th1557th86
7.58%
38.33%
Gabon
GabonAFRICA
Africa96th1277th59
6.06%
26.43%
Yemen
YemenMIDDLE EAST
Middle East96th1296th32
6.06%
14.54%
Cameroon
CameroonAFRICA
Africa97th885th49
4.04%
22.03%
Congo (Dem. Rep.)
Congo (Dem. Rep.)AFRICA
Africa97th889th44
4.04%
19.82%
Sudan
SudanAFRICA
Africa97th891st42
4.04%
18.94%
Algeria
AlgeriaAFRICA
Africa98th680th56
3.03%
25.11%
South Sudan
South SudanAFRICA
Africa98th690th43
3.03%
19.38%
India
IndiaASIA
Asia99th580th56
2.53%
25.11%
Libya
LibyaAFRICA
Africa99th593rd39
2.53%
17.62%
Eritrea
EritreaAFRICA
Africa100th492nd40
2.02%
18.06%
Bhutan
BhutanASIA
Asia101st383rd51
1.52%
22.91%
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial GuineaAFRICA
Africa101st380th56
1.52%
25.11%
Afghanistan
AfghanistanASIA
Asia102nd099th25
0%
11.45%
North Korea
North KoreaASIA
Asia102nd092nd40
0%
18.06%
Turkmenistan
TurkmenistanASIA
Asia102nd085th49
0%
22.03%

Methodology

The Henley Openness Index (HOI) is the authoritative ranking of all 199 countries/territories in the world according to the number of nationalities each allows to cross its borders without a prior visa, providing valuable insights into a country’s global openness and its ability to attract international visitors for tourism and trade.

The HOI is a reverse calculation of the Henley Passport Index (HPI), which ranks all the world’s passports according to the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior visa. The HPI is based on exclusive data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) – the largest, most accurate travel information database – and enhanced by Henley & Partners’ research team. The methodology is available here.  

Conditions and criteria for Openness Rank and Score

Visa-Free Access

For each country/territory, if passport holders from a particular country/territory can enter without requiring a visa in advance, a score of 1 is assigned. This includes cases where passport holders are granted visa-free access upon arrival, are issued a visitor's permit, or can obtain an electronic travel authority (ETA) without needing pre-departure government approval. These visa types fall under specific visa-waiver programs implemented by the destination country.

Visa Requirement

If a visa is necessary for passport holders to enter a country/territory or if they must obtain a government-approved electronic visa (e-Visa) before departure, a score of 0 is assigned. Similarly, if passport holders need pre-departure government approval for a visa on arrival, this is considered as not meeting the criteria for “visa-free” and a score of 0 is assigned.

The total Openness Score for each country/territory is equal to the number of countries/territories with visa-free access, based on the conditions mentioned above (score = 1).

This scoring methodology ensures that the HOI accurately reflects the number of countries/territories whose passport holders enjoy visa-free access to each country/territory, taking into account various visa types and requirements. It provides a comprehensive measure of global openness, facilitating comparisons between countries/territories.

Calculating Openness percentage

The Openness percentage is calculated by dividing the Openness Score of a country/territory by 198, namely, the total number of countries/territories considered (excluding the country/territory itself), which represents the maximum score possible in the index. This normalization allows for a standardized comparison across different countries, providing a percentage value that represents the relative openness of a country/territory.

Calculating HPI percentage 

The HPI calculates the global mobility power of a passport by considering the number of destinations to which a passport holder can travel without requiring a visa in advance. The HPI score is based on a total of 226 destinations, excluding the country itself.

The HPI percentage is calculated by dividing the HPI Score of a passport by 226 (the total number of destinations considered in the index) and then multiplying by 100 to obtain the percentage value. However, since the HPI in percentage aims to represent all 227 jurisdictions, including the country itself, the formula is slightly adjusted. The HPI score is added by 1 and then divided by 227 (total jurisdictions), which gives the percentage of passport holders’ visa-free access in relation to all jurisdictions.

The resulting HPI percentage provides a convenient representation of a passport’s global reach, indicating the proportion of jurisdictions worldwide where passport holders can travel without having to obtain a visa before they depart.

Regional groupings

For each country/territory, the region is indicated for ease of reference, using a combination of official United Nations geographic categories and Henley & Partners business categories.

Disclaimer

The information provided in the index is not intended to be binding, and visa information must be verified with a travel agent or embassy representative before travel arrangements are made.

Full disclaimer and important legal information: www.henleyglobal.com/disclaimer


The Henley Global Mobility Report 2023 Q3 was published on 18 July 2023.

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