Henley Global Mobility Report 2023 Q3

The Henley Global Mobility Report is a unique publication featuring commentary by leading scholars and experts on major trends influencing mobility patterns. Grounded in geopolitical analysis and focusing on the realities shaping our world — from border openness and how it enhances economic opportunities, to sustainable travel and the rise of medical tourism — the report offers exclusive insights into what we can expect in the months to come.

Visa-Free Travel and Openness: A Complex Dynamic

Our exclusive new research explores the relationship between a country’s openness to foreigners — how many nations it allows to cross its borders visa-free — and its own citizens’ travel freedom, gauged using the Henley Passport Index. The new Henley Openness Index ranks all 199 countries and territories worldwide according to the number of nationalities they permit entry to without a prior visa. By comparing the two indexes, the data reveals that the relationship between travel freedom (Henley Passport Index score) and openness (Henley Openness Index score) is not straightforward but manifests in a complex, non-linear manner. Read more

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Passport		Openness		Henley Passport Index
Search for a passport	Region	Openness Rank	Openness Score (out of 198)	HPI Rank	HPI Score (out of 226)	Openness % HPI %
BurundiAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	85^th	49	100% 22.03%
Cape Verde IslandsAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	70^th	67	100% 29.96%
Comoro IslandsAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	82^nd	52	100% 23.35%
DjiboutiAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	87^th	47	100% 21.15%
Guinea-BissauAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	81^st	55	100% 24.67%
KenyaAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	65^th	72	100% 32.16%
MaldivesASIA	Asia	1^st	198	52^nd	93	100% 41.41%
MicronesiaOCEANIA	Oceania	1^st	198	41^st	123	100% 54.63%
MozambiqueAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	74^th	63	100% 28.19%
RwandaAFRICA	Africa	1^st	198	73^rd	64	100% 28.63%
SamoaOCEANIA	Oceania	1^st	198	38^th	129	100% 57.27%
Timor-LesteASIA	Asia	1^st	198	50^th	96	100% 42.73%
TuvaluOCEANIA	Oceania	1^st	198	40^th	127	100% 56.39%
CambodiaASIA	Asia	2^nd	197	82^nd	52	99.49% 23.35%
DominicaCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	2^nd	197	31^st	144	99.49% 63.88%
MadagascarAFRICA	Africa	2^nd	197	77^th	59	99.49% 26.43%
MauritaniaAFRICA	Africa	2^nd	197	78^th	58	99.49% 25.99%
SeychellesAFRICA	Africa	2^nd	197	23^rd	155	99.49% 68.72%
SomaliaAFRICA	Africa	2^nd	197	95^th	33	99.49% 14.98%
Palau IslandsOCEANIA	Oceania	3^rd	196	41^st	123	98.99% 54.63%
Macao (SAR China)ASIA	Asia	4^th	191	31^st	144	96.46% 63.88%
Sri LankaASIA	Asia	5^th	190	91^st	42	95.96% 18.94%
HaitiCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	6^th	189	82^nd	52	95.45% 23.35%
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	7^th	188	22^nd	156	94.95% 69.16%
NepalASIA	Asia	8^th	186	94^th	38	93.94% 17.18%
IranMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	9^th	184	91^st	42	92.93% 18.94%
MauritiusAFRICA	Africa	10^th	183	26^th	150	92.42% 66.52%
BarbadosCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	11^th	177	19^th	163	89.39% 72.25%
BoliviaAMERICAS	Americas	11^th	177	61^st	78	89.39% 34.8%
SurinameAMERICAS	Americas	11^th	177	61^st	78	89.39% 34.8%
LaosASIA	Asia	12^th	169	86^th	48	85.35% 21.59%
TanzaniaAFRICA	Africa	12^th	169	66^th	71	85.35% 31.72%
MalaysiaASIA	Asia	13^th	165	11^th	181	83.33% 80.18%
SingaporeASIA	Asia	14^th	164	1^st	193	82.83% 85.46%
NicaraguaAMERICAS	Americas	15^th	162	40^th	127	81.82% 56.39%
BangladeshASIA	Asia	16^th	160	93^rd	39	80.81% 17.62%
PhilippinesASIA	Asia	16^th	160	72^nd	65	80.81% 29.07%
EcuadorAMERICAS	Americas	17^th	155	51^st	94	78.28% 41.85%
The GambiaAFRICA	Africa	18^th	153	66^th	71	77.27% 31.72%
MalawiAFRICA	Africa	19^th	147	63^rd	74	74.24% 33.04%
Hong Kong (SAR China)ASIA	Asia	20^th	146	17^th	169	73.74% 74.89%
ZimbabweAFRICA	Africa	21^st	145	73^rd	64	73.23% 28.63%
St. LuciaCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	22^nd	143	29^th	146	72.22% 64.76%
JordanMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	23^rd	142	83^rd	51	71.72% 22.91%
ZambiaAFRICA	Africa	23^rd	142	69^th	68	71.72% 30.4%
SenegalAFRICA	Africa	24^th	135	78^th	58	68.18% 25.99%
St. Kitts and NevisCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	25^th	133	23^rd	155	67.17% 68.72%
GrenadaCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	26^th	124	28^th	147	62.63% 65.2%
BahamasCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	27^th	123	20^th	159	62.12% 70.48%
JamaicaCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	28^th	122	55^th	88	61.62% 39.21%
VanuatuOCEANIA	Oceania	29^th	120	53^rd	91	60.61% 40.53%
EthiopiaAFRICA	Africa	30^th	119	88^th	45	60.1% 20.26%
KiribatiOCEANIA	Oceania	30^th	119	41^st	123	60.1% 54.63%
PanamaAMERICAS	Americas	31^st	116	28^th	147	58.59% 65.2%
EgyptAFRICA	Africa	32^nd	115	84^th	50	58.08% 22.47%
Sierra LeoneAFRICA	Africa	33^rd	113	72^nd	65	57.07% 29.07%
FijiOCEANIA	Oceania	34^th	112	54^th	89	56.57% 39.65%
ThailandASIA	Asia	34^th	112	60^th	80	56.57% 35.68%
TürkiyeEUROPE	Europe	35^th	111	45^th	114	56.06% 50.66%
Marshall IslandsOCEANIA	Oceania	36^th	110	39^th	128	55.56% 56.83%
South KoreaASIA	Asia	36^th	110	2^nd	190	55.56% 84.14%
Antigua and BarbudaCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	37^th	109	25^th	152	55.05% 67.4%
KosovoEUROPE	Europe	37^th	109	60^th	80	55.05% 35.68%
NamibiaAFRICA	Africa	37^th	109	60^th	80	55.05% 35.68%
Dominican RepublicCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	38^th	107	63^rd	74	54.04% 33.04%
BelizeAMERICAS	Americas	39^th	106	48^th	102	53.54% 45.37%
MoldovaEUROPE	Europe	40^th	104	43^rd	121	52.53% 53.74%
Trinidad and TobagoCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	40^th	104	26^th	150	52.53% 66.52%
BotswanaAFRICA	Africa	41^st	103	57^th	86	52.02% 38.33%
BrazilAMERICAS	Americas	41^st	103	17^th	169	52.02% 74.89%
ColombiaAMERICAS	Americas	42^nd	102	37^th	132	51.52% 58.59%
LebanonMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	42^nd	102	89^th	44	51.52% 19.82%
PeruAMERICAS	Americas	42^nd	102	32^nd	142	51.52% 63%
Palestinian TerritoryMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	42^nd	102	93^rd	39	51.52% 17.62%
IsraelMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	43^rd	101	17^th	169	51.01% 74.89%
AngolaAFRICA	Africa	44^th	100	85^th	49	50.51% 22.03%
MontenegroEUROPE	Europe	44^th	100	39^th	128	50.51% 56.83%
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEUROPE	Europe	45^th	99	41^st	123	50% 54.63%
GeorgiaEUROPE	Europe	46^th	98	42^nd	122	49.49% 54.19%
TajikistanASIA	Asia	46^th	98	80^th	56	49.49% 25.11%
IndonesiaASIA	Asia	47^th	97	64^th	73	48.99% 32.6%
TunisiaAFRICA	Africa	47^th	97	70^th	67	48.99% 29.96%
QatarMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	48^th	96	46^th	111	48.48% 49.34%
Costa RicaAMERICAS	Americas	49^th	95	27^th	149	47.98% 66.08%
eSwatiniAFRICA	Africa	50^th	94	62^nd	76	47.47% 33.92%
AustriaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
BelgiumEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
BulgariaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	13^th	177	46.97% 78.41%
CroatiaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	9^th	183	46.97% 81.06%
CyprusEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	12^th	178	46.97% 78.85%
CzechiaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	7^th	185	46.97% 81.94%
DenmarkEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	3^rd	189	46.97% 83.7%
EstoniaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	8^th	184	46.97% 81.5%
FinlandEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	3^rd	189	46.97% 83.7%
FranceEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	3^rd	189	46.97% 83.7%
GermanyEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	3^rd	189	46.97% 83.7%
GreeceEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	5^th	187	46.97% 82.82%
HungaryEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	7^th	185	46.97% 81.94%
IcelandEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	10^th	182	46.97% 80.62%
ItalyEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	3^rd	189	46.97% 83.7%
LatviaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	9^th	183	46.97% 81.06%
LithuaniaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	10^th	182	46.97% 80.62%
LuxembourgEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
MaltaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	7^th	185	46.97% 81.94%
NetherlandsEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
NorwayEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
PolandEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	7^th	185	46.97% 81.94%
PortugalEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
RomaniaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	12^th	178	46.97% 78.85%
SlovakiaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	9^th	183	46.97% 81.06%
SloveniaEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	9^th	183	46.97% 81.06%
SpainEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	3^rd	189	46.97% 83.7%
SwedenEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	4^th	188	46.97% 83.26%
SwitzerlandEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	5^th	187	46.97% 82.82%
LiechtensteinEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	11^th	181	46.97% 80.18%
MonacoEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	13^th	177	46.97% 78.41%
San MarinoEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	16^th	170	46.97% 75.33%
Vatican CityEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	24^th	154	46.97% 68.28%
AndorraEUROPE	Europe	51^st	93	15^th	171	46.97% 75.77%
ChileAMERICAS	Americas	52^nd	92	14^th	175	46.46% 77.53%
UzbekistanASIA	Asia	52^nd	92	75^th	61	46.46% 27.31%
BelarusEUROPE	Europe	53^rd	91	60^th	80	45.96% 35.68%
ArgentinaAMERICAS	Americas	54^th	90	17^th	169	45.45% 74.89%
SerbiaEUROPE	Europe	54^th	90	34^th	138	45.45% 61.23%
United KingdomEUROPE	Europe	55^th	89	6^th	186	44.95% 82.38%
AlbaniaEUROPE	Europe	56^th	88	42^nd	122	44.44% 54.19%
ArmeniaMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	56^th	88	70^th	67	44.44% 29.96%
United Arab EmiratesMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	56^th	88	8^th	184	44.44% 81.5%
El SalvadorAMERICAS	Americas	57^th	87	35^th	135	43.94% 59.91%
GuatemalaAMERICAS	Americas	57^th	87	36^th	134	43.94% 59.47%
South AfricaAFRICA	Africa	58^th	86	47^th	104	43.43% 46.26%
HondurasAMERICAS	Americas	59^th	85	37^th	132	42.93% 58.59%
UruguayAMERICAS	Americas	59^th	85	22^nd	156	42.93% 69.16%
KyrgyzstanASIA	Asia	60^th	84	74^th	63	42.42% 28.19%
IrelandEUROPE	Europe	61^st	82	3^rd	189	41.41% 83.7%
UkraineEUROPE	Europe	62^nd	81	28^th	147	40.91% 65.2%
KazakhstanASIA	Asia	63^rd	80	62^nd	76	40.4% 33.92%
North MacedoniaEUROPE	Europe	64^th	79	38^th	129	39.9% 57.27%
Solomon IslandsOCEANIA	Oceania	65^th	78	36^th	134	39.39% 59.47%
MoroccoAFRICA	Africa	66^th	77	65^th	72	38.89% 32.16%
OmanMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	67^th	76	58^th	85	38.38% 37.89%
Saudi ArabiaMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	68^th	73	57^th	86	36.87% 38.33%
BahrainMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	69^th	72	56^th	87	36.36% 38.77%
Taiwan (Chinese Taipei)ASIA	Asia	69^th	72	33^rd	139	36.36% 61.67%
JapanASIA	Asia	70^th	71	2^nd	190	35.86% 84.14%
ParaguayAMERICAS	Americas	71^st	70	30^th	145	35.35% 64.32%
Burkina FasoAFRICA	Africa	72^nd	69	76^th	60	34.85% 26.87%
TongaOCEANIA	Oceania	72^nd	69	38^th	129	34.85% 57.27%
LesothoAFRICA	Africa	73^rd	68	61^st	78	34.34% 34.8%
MexicoAMERICAS	Americas	74^th	67	21^st	158	33.84% 70.04%
MongoliaASIA	Asia	74^th	67	72^nd	65	33.84% 29.07%
VenezuelaAMERICAS	Americas	74^th	67	44^th	119	33.84% 52.86%
PakistanASIA	Asia	75^th	64	96^th	32	32.32% 14.54%
BruneiASIA	Asia	76^th	63	18^th	164	31.82% 72.69%
Russian FederationEUROPE	Europe	77^th	62	45^th	114	31.31% 50.66%
BeninAFRICA	Africa	78^th	61	70^th	67	30.81% 29.96%
GuyanaAMERICAS	Americas	78^th	61	53^rd	91	30.81% 40.53%
New ZealandOCEANIA	Oceania	78^th	61	5^th	187	30.81% 82.82%
GhanaAFRICA	Africa	79^th	59	71^st	66	29.8% 29.52%
ChinaASIA	Asia	80^th	58	59^th	83	29.29% 37%
KuwaitMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	80^th	58	49^th	98	29.29% 43.61%
Sao Tome and PrincipeAFRICA	Africa	80^th	58	75^th	61	29.29% 27.31%
MyanmarASIA	Asia	81^st	54	88^th	45	27.27% 20.26%
CanadaAMERICAS	Americas	82^nd	53	7^th	185	26.77% 81.94%
NigeriaAFRICA	Africa	83^rd	49	88^th	45	24.75% 20.26%
United StatesAMERICAS	Americas	84^th	46	9^th	183	23.23% 81.06%
IraqMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	85^th	44	97^th	30	22.22% 13.66%
UgandaAFRICA	Africa	86^th	39	68^th	69	19.7% 30.84%
AustraliaOCEANIA	Oceania	87^th	34	6^th	186	17.17% 82.38%
VietnamASIA	Asia	88^th	27	83^rd	51	13.64% 22.91%
AzerbaijanEUROPE	Europe	89^th	26	67^th	70	13.13% 31.28%
MaliAFRICA	Africa	89^th	26	81^st	55	13.13% 24.67%
SyriaMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	90^th	25	98^th	27	12.63% 12.33%
Cote d'IvoireAFRICA	Africa	91^st	23	77^th	59	11.62% 26.43%
GuineaAFRICA	Africa	91^st	23	78^th	58	11.62% 25.99%
CubaCARIBBEAN	Caribbean	92^nd	22	76^th	60	11.11% 26.87%
NigerAFRICA	Africa	93^rd	19	79^th	57	9.6% 25.55%
Central African RepublicAFRICA	Africa	94^th	16	82^nd	52	8.08% 23.35%
TogoAFRICA	Africa	94^th	16	76^th	60	8.08% 26.87%
ChadAFRICA	Africa	95^th	15	82^nd	52	7.58% 23.35%
Congo (Rep.)AFRICA	Africa	95^th	15	85^th	49	7.58% 22.03%
LiberiaAFRICA	Africa	95^th	15	83^rd	51	7.58% 22.91%
NauruOCEANIA	Oceania	95^th	15	55^th	88	7.58% 39.21%
Papua New GuineaOCEANIA	Oceania	95^th	15	57^th	86	7.58% 38.33%
GabonAFRICA	Africa	96^th	12	77^th	59	6.06% 26.43%
YemenMIDDLE EAST	Middle East	96^th	12	96^th	32	6.06% 14.54%
CameroonAFRICA	Africa	97^th	8	85^th	49	4.04% 22.03%
Congo (Dem. Rep.)AFRICA	Africa	97^th	8	89^th	44	4.04% 19.82%
SudanAFRICA	Africa	97^th	8	91^st	42	4.04% 18.94%
AlgeriaAFRICA	Africa	98^th	6	80^th	56	3.03% 25.11%
South SudanAFRICA	Africa	98^th	6	90^th	43	3.03% 19.38%
IndiaASIA	Asia	99^th	5	80^th	56	2.53% 25.11%
LibyaAFRICA	Africa	99^th	5	93^rd	39	2.53% 17.62%
EritreaAFRICA	Africa	100^th	4	92^nd	40	2.02% 18.06%
BhutanASIA	Asia	101^st	3	83^rd	51	1.52% 22.91%
Equatorial GuineaAFRICA	Africa	101^st	3	80^th	56	1.52% 25.11%
AfghanistanASIA	Asia	102^nd	0	99^th	25	0% 11.45%
North KoreaASIA	Asia	102^nd	0	92^nd	40	0% 18.06%
TurkmenistanASIA	Asia	102^nd	0	85^th	49	0% 22.03%

Methodology

The Henley Openness Index (HOI) is the authoritative ranking of all 199 countries/territories in the world according to the number of nationalities each allows to cross its borders without a prior visa, providing valuable insights into a country’s global openness and its ability to attract international visitors for tourism and trade.

The HOI is a reverse calculation of the Henley Passport Index (HPI), which ranks all the world’s passports according to the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior visa. The HPI is based on exclusive data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) – the largest, most accurate travel information database – and enhanced by Henley & Partners’ research team. The methodology is available here.

Conditions and criteria for Openness Rank and Score

Visa-Free Access

For each country/territory, if passport holders from a particular country/territory can enter without requiring a visa in advance, a score of 1 is assigned. This includes cases where passport holders are granted visa-free access upon arrival, are issued a visitor's permit, or can obtain an electronic travel authority (ETA) without needing pre-departure government approval. These visa types fall under specific visa-waiver programs implemented by the destination country.

Visa Requirement

If a visa is necessary for passport holders to enter a country/territory or if they must obtain a government-approved electronic visa (e-Visa) before departure, a score of 0 is assigned. Similarly, if passport holders need pre-departure government approval for a visa on arrival, this is considered as not meeting the criteria for “visa-free” and a score of 0 is assigned.

The total Openness Score for each country/territory is equal to the number of countries/territories with visa-free access, based on the conditions mentioned above (score = 1).

This scoring methodology ensures that the HOI accurately reflects the number of countries/territories whose passport holders enjoy visa-free access to each country/territory, taking into account various visa types and requirements. It provides a comprehensive measure of global openness, facilitating comparisons between countries/territories.

Calculating Openness percentage

The Openness percentage is calculated by dividing the Openness Score of a country/territory by 198, namely, the total number of countries/territories considered (excluding the country/territory itself), which represents the maximum score possible in the index. This normalization allows for a standardized comparison across different countries, providing a percentage value that represents the relative openness of a country/territory.

Calculating HPI percentage

The HPI calculates the global mobility power of a passport by considering the number of destinations to which a passport holder can travel without requiring a visa in advance. The HPI score is based on a total of 226 destinations, excluding the country itself.

The HPI percentage is calculated by dividing the HPI Score of a passport by 226 (the total number of destinations considered in the index) and then multiplying by 100 to obtain the percentage value. However, since the HPI in percentage aims to represent all 227 jurisdictions, including the country itself, the formula is slightly adjusted. The HPI score is added by 1 and then divided by 227 (total jurisdictions), which gives the percentage of passport holders’ visa-free access in relation to all jurisdictions.

The resulting HPI percentage provides a convenient representation of a passport’s global reach, indicating the proportion of jurisdictions worldwide where passport holders can travel without having to obtain a visa before they depart.

Regional groupings

For each country/territory, the region is indicated for ease of reference, using a combination of official United Nations geographic categories and Henley & Partners business categories.

Disclaimer

The information provided in the index is not intended to be binding, and visa information must be verified with a travel agent or embassy representative before travel arrangements are made.

Full disclaimer and important legal information: www.henleyglobal.com/disclaimer

The Henley Global Mobility Report 2023 Q3 was published on 18 July 2023.

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Visa-Free Travel and Openness: A Complex Dynamic

Methodology

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Henley Global Mobility Report 2023 Q3